Figure 3

Real-time electron counting. Each peak in the reflected signal corresponds to one electron tunnelling into the SET island. The traces are snapshots recorded on a digital oscilloscope. The applied currents were, from top to bottom, 40, 80 and 120 femtoamps, corresponding to the frequencies (f = I/e) 250, 500 and 750 kHz, respectively (image and text: Nature 434 361)

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