Hydrogen is considered a clean fuel because it produces water rather than carbon dioxide when burned, and it is seen as a promising route toward lower emissions. It is especially valuable for replacing fossil fuels in industrial processes that require extremely high temperatures and are difficult to electrify. Although hydrogen itself is not a greenhouse gas like carbon dioxide, methane, or nitrous oxide (gases that trap heat in the Earth’s atmosphere), it can still indirectly contribute to warming. Normally, hydroxyl radicals, which are highly reactive atmospheric molecules made of one oxygen and one hydrogen atom with an unpaired electron, break down methane into carbon dioxide and water. But when hydroxyl radicals react with hydrogen instead, fewer radicals are available to remove methane, allowing methane to persist longer in the atmosphere and increasing its warming effect.

This study examines how hydrogen leakage in hydrogen‑based energy systems could influence the planet. The researchers analysed 23 different U.S. future scenarios, including some that eliminate fossil fuels entirely. They estimated how much hydrogen might leak in each scenario, compared those leaks to the remaining carbon dioxide and methane emissions, and calculated how much additional emissions reductions and/or carbon removal would be needed to offset the warming from hydrogen under low, medium, and high leak rates, and over both short‑term and long‑term warming timescales.

They found that although hydrogen leaks do contribute to warming, their impact is much smaller than the warming from the remaining carbon dioxide and methane in all scenarios. Hydrogen’s warming effect appears much larger over a 20 year period because its short‑lived chemical interactions amplify methane and ozone quickly, even though its long‑term impact remains relatively modest. Only small increases in carbon dioxide removal or small reductions in other emissions are needed to offset the warming caused by hydrogen leaks. However, because estimates of hydrogen leakage rates vary widely in the scientific literature, improved measurement and monitoring are essential.

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Hydrogen storage in liquid hydrogen carriers: recent activities and new trends Tolga Han Ulucan et al. (2023)