Researchers in Germany and Korea have fabricated a quantum sensor that can detect the electric and magnetic fields created by individual atoms – something that scientists have long dreamed of doing. The device consists of an organic semiconducting molecule attached to the metallic tip of a scanning tunnelling microscope, and its developers say that it could have applications in biology as well as physics. Some possibilities include sensing the presence of spin-labelled biomolecules and detecting the magnetic states of complex molecules on a surface.
Today’s most sensitive magnetic field detectors exploit quantum effects to map the presence of extremely weak fields. Among the most promising of these new-generation quantum sensors are nitrogen vacancy (NV) centres in diamond. These structures can be fabricated inside a nanopillar on the tip of an atomic force microscope (AFM) tip, and their spatial resolution is an impressively small 10–100 nm. However, this is still a factor of 10 to 100 larger than the diameter of an atom.
A spatial resolution of 0.1 nm
The new sensor developed by Andreas Heinrich and colleagues at the Forschungszentrum Jülich and Korea’s IBS Center for Quantum Nanoscience (QNS) can also be placed on a microscope tip – in this case, a scanning tunnelling microscope (STM). The difference is the spatial resolution of this atomic-scale device is just 0.1 nm, making it 100 to 1000 times more sensitive than devices based on NV centres.
The team made the sensor by attaching a molecule with an unpaired electron – a molecular spin – to the apex of an STM’s metallic tip. “Typically, the lifetime of a spin in direct contact with a metal is very short and cannot be controlled,” explains team member Taner Esat, who was previously at QNS and is now at Jülich. “In our approach, we brought a planar molecule known as 3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxylic-dianhydride (or PTCDA for short) into a special configuration on the tip using precise atomic-scale manipulation, thus decoupling the molecular spin.”
Determining the magnetic field of a single atom
In this configuration, Esat explains that the molecule is a spin ½ system, and in the presence of a magnetic field, it behaves like a two-level quantum system. This behaviour is due to the Zeeman effect, which splits the molecule’s ground state into spin-up and spin-down states with an energy difference that depends on the strength of the magnetic field. Using electron spin resonance in the STM, the researchers were able to detect this energy difference with a resolution of around ~100 neV. “This allowed us to determine the magnetic field of a single atom (which finds itself only a few atomic distances away from the sensor) that caused the change in spin states,” Esat tells Physics World.
The team demonstrated the feasibility of its technique by measuring the magnetic and electric dipole fields from a single iron atom and a silver dimer on a gold substrate with greater than 0.1 nm resolution.
The next step, says Esat, is to increase the new device’s magnetic field sensitivity by implementing more advanced sensing protocols based on pulsed electron spin resonance schemes and by finding molecules with longer spin decoherence times. “We hope to increase the sensitivity by a factor of about 1000, which would allow us to detect nuclear spins at the atomic scale,” he says.
A holy grail for quantum sensing
The new atomic-scale quantum magnetic field sensor should also make it possible to resolve spins in certain emerging two-dimensional quantum materials. These materials are predicted to have many complex magnetic orders, but they cannot be measured with existing instruments, Heinrich and his QNS colleague Yujeong Bae note. Another possibility would be to use the sensor to study so-called encapsulated spin systems such as endohedral-fullerenes, which comprise a magnetic core surrounded by an inert carbon cage.
Next-generation quantum sensors detect human biomagnetism
“The holy grail of quantum sensing is to detect individual nuclear spins in complex molecules on surfaces,” Heinrich concludes. “Being able to do so would make for a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) technique with atomic-scale spatial resolution.”
The researchers detail their sensor in Nature Nanotechnology. They have also prepared a video to illustrate the working principle of the device and how they fabricated it.
