Physics, chemistry and physical chemistry have undergone tremendous changes over the course of this century. In physics, the focus has shifted from atoms to subatomic particles, namely nuclear physics and particle physics. Meanwhile, the physics of collections of atoms in the liquid and solid states have slowly emerged as separate, independent fields. After the Second […]
Fears over climate change and the increasing problem of pollution have put public concerns about the environment at an all-time high. Governments have responded to public pressure by introducing legislation to reduce pollution, and at the Kyoto summit last year they agreed to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases by an average of 5.2%. Europe has […]
Physics-based companies in the UK can find it difficult to raise venture capital. Michael Kenward finds out why
Every few years the eastern part of the Pacific Ocean warms up around the equator and plays havoc with the climate on several continents. Why does this happen?
Read article: The physics of El Niño
The problem is that the features made by conventional optical lithography cannot be shrunk indefinitely. The laws of diffraction dictate that the only way to make feature sizes smaller is to shorten the wavelength of the light. Yet the materials needed for lenses and other optical components are not effective at shorter wavelengths, and so […]
The government plans to invest an extra £400m in new projects through the research councils, £300m in universities through a new Infrastructure Fund and another £300m for research in universities through the regional funding councils. The Wellcome Trust, a medical research charity, is contributing £300m to the Infrastructure Fund and a further £100m towards the […]
PEP-II consists of two independent storage rings in the tunnel that housed the original PEP collider. The high-energy ring, which stores a 9 GeV electron beam, is an upgrade of the existing PEP collider, while the low-energy ring, in which the 3.1 GeV positrons are stored, is completely new. Matter and anti-matter are thought to […]
The charges are designed to help fund the soaring costs of international Internet access from the UK. Over the past four years access costs have risen from £1 million ($1.7 m) to £7 million ($11.1 m). However, the speed at which UKERNA has introduced charging has caught many departments by surprise. UKERNA calls the new […]
Attempts to locate the satellite with NASA’s Deep Space Network had been unsuccessful. However, by bouncing radio waves from the Arecibo observatory in Puerto Rico off the satellite, and detecting the reflections on a 70 meter radio telescope in Goldstone, California, astronomers have been able to establish SOHO’s position. The signals indicate that the craft […]
Fred Hoyle was the first to suggest that organic molecules developed in outer space and then fell to the earth, but it was not until the discovery of large quantities of left-handed amino acids in a meteorite last year that biologists seriously started to think about an extraterrestrial origin for the left-handedness of amino acids. […]
